![]() For example, varicella vaccine should be discarded if not used within 30 minutes after reconstitution, whereas MMR vaccine, once reconstituted, must be kept in a dark place at 36☏ to 46☏ (2☌ to 8☌) and should be discarded within 8 hours if not used. For live vaccines that require reconstitution, manufacturers typically recommend the vaccine be used as soon as possible after reconstitution and be discarded if not used within 30 minutes after reconstitution. For non-live vaccines, manufacturers typically recommend use within the same day that a vaccine is withdrawn or reconstituted. Syringes that are prefilled by the manufacturer and activated (i.e., syringe cap removed or needle attached) but unused should be discarded at the end of the clinic day. Single-dose vials and manufacturer-filled syringes are designed for single-dose administration and should be discarded if vaccine has been withdrawn or reconstituted and subsequently not used within the time frame specified by the manufacturer. To prevent contamination of the vial, make sure the patient area is clean and free of potentially contaminated equipment.ĭifferent single-components of combination vaccines should never be mixed in the same syringe by an end-user unless specifically licensed for such use ( 4). The vial must be accessed in the immediate patient area to reduce environmental contamination by vaccine virus. The vaccine adheres to the sides of the bifurcated needle, and is administered via skin puncture. Smallpox vaccine is accessed by dipping a bifurcated needle directly into the vaccine vial. This is to prevent inadvertent contamination of the vial through direct or indirect contact with potentially contaminated surfaces or equipment that could then lead to infections in subsequent patients ( 3). ![]() Multi-dose vials to be used for more than one patient should not be kept or accessed in the immediate patient treatment area. Vaccines should be drawn up in a designated clean medication area that is not adjacent to areas where potentially contaminated items are placed. Vaccine Administration: Preparation and Timely Disposal If worn, gloves should be changed between patients. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations do not require gloves to be worn when administering vaccinations, unless persons administering vaccinations have open lesions on their hands or are likely to come into contact with a patient’s body fluids ( 2). Hands should be cleansed with an alcohol-based waterless antiseptic hand rub or washed with soap and water before preparing vaccines for administration and between each patient contact ( 1). Persons administering vaccinations should follow appropriate precautions to minimize risk for disease exposure and spread. The results supported the hypothesis that intramuscular injections of diclofenac sodium administered to the ventrogluteal site would feel less painful than those administered to the dorsogluteal site.Printer friendly version Infection Control and Sterile Technique General Precautions The difference in average pain scores from injections administered to the two different sites was found to be statistically significant ( p<0.05). The average pain score of patients after injections to the ventrogluteal site was 1.24☑.18, while that for injections to the dorsogluteal site was 1.89☑.49. Differences in the mean pain intensity at the dorsogluteal and ventrogluteal sites by BMI and gender were analysed using the paired t test. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to explore determine the statistical differences in perceived pain intensity between the two injection sites. Numerical and percentage distribution of sociodemographic data on patients’ identification characteristics were calculated. ![]() After each injection, the pain felt by patients during the injection was immediately assessed using a visual analog scale by another researcher who had no prior knowledge of which the injection site. The injection sites were randomly allocated. Two injections were administered to each patient with an interval of 24 hours by the same researcher using two injection sites. This clinical trial was performed on 70 adult patients receiving at least two doses of diclofenac sodium intramuscularly in a state hospital in Bursa, Turkey. The aim of the study was to examine the effect on pain of medication administered by intramuscular injection to the dorsogluteal and ventrogluteal sites, and to investigate gender and body mass index differences in pain perception between the sites.
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